The Joy Luck Club Essays (883 words) - The Bluest Eye, Point Of View

The Joy Luck Club THE BLUEST EYE The Bluest Eye is a complex book. Substance wise it is a disturbing yet relatively easy read, but Toni Morrison plays with the narrative structure in a way so that complexity is added to the hidden depth of the text. From the beginning to the end of the book, the author takes the reader through a series of point of views that take turns in narrating the story. But by the end of the book, the author leaves the reader unclear on who the actual main character of the book is. Pecola Breedlove, although never the narrator, seems to be the constant victim and equally the main character of the story. Many readers can see the book as a story about Claudia MacTeer, who is the main narrator of the book, but most everything she narrates has a direct tie to Pecola's life. From the very start, Claudia describes the home environment in which she lives in. That home environment is linked to how Pecola comes to live with them and what affect the two had on each other. Pecola's presence slightly foreshadows her future longing for blue eyes by showing the great interest she had in Shirley Temple, who was known for being a pretty white girl. Claudia then goes into a series of stories and descriptions of what type of environment Pecola must live in at her own home. She describes the abandoned store in which the Breedlove family lives in and the terrible condition of the furniture, which reflects the type of family the Breedloves are. Whether it was Claudia or another unknown third person narrator, a specific situation is described in a brutal manner of exactly what type of environment exists in Pecola's home. The situation was where Cholly and Polly fight each other with little hesitation or thought, and the brief narration ends with how Pecola is affected by such actions. Claudia's experiences are even more tied to Pecola's life through the events that occurred with Maureen Peal. Claudia begins describing Maureen as her own enemy but soon enough Maureen is introduced into Pecola's life along with the point of view she had upon the ugly child. Maureen was fascinated by Pecola, which represents one of the many characters who looked down upon her. Along with the narration of Claudia and the third person, Cholly and Polly have a significant representation in the story. The springtime is used to represent the birth of new love and appropriately the origins of Cholly and Polly is the main story. The chapter describes how the two were in love and describes in depth the growth of both. Rather than being seen as a story of another character, the origins of Cholly and Polly can be seen as the explanation of Pecola and her condition, which heightens the idea of Pecola being the main character. Starting from birth, Cholly was abandoned, he then abandoned his own life in search of his father. The cruelty of his father had a big impact on the future of Cholly and the life he led as an adult. Cholly never had a father figure in his life and so he never learned to become a father, which became a proponent of Pecola's psychological downfall. Polly as a child always played the role of a housewife. She had great aspirations of one day meeting her prince and living a wonderful life. She thought she found him in Cholly when he came along and cared for her lame foot , but as she and Cholly began to have more problems, she began to take out her anger for Cholly onto her children. Quickly, the Breedlove household became full of hate and that hate was thrown onto the innocent Pecola. Throughout the entire book though, different characters laid their hate and insecurity upon the innocence of Pecola. More than simply specific characters, by the end of the book, Pecola became the scapegoat of the entire town, ?She be lucky if it don't live. Bound to be the ugliest thing walking. Can't help but be. Ought to be a law: two ugly people doubling up like that to make more ugly. Be better off in the ground.?

Free Essays on The Storm

â€Å"The Storm† In the short story â€Å"The Storm† the major components that are emphasized are plot, character, and setting. These components work together in order to make the reader visualize life from the characters’ point of view. The author, Kate Chopin, tells the story in a unique way that helps the reader understand the main characters’ attitudes. The title of the story, â€Å"The Storm†, has a twofold meaning. An actual storm that takes place in the remote Louisiana country sets off a chain of events that contributes to the passionate storm that occurs between the two main characters. The events that make up the plot begin when bad weather forces Bobinot and his son, Bibi, to remain at the store until it passes. This leaves Bobinot’s wife, Calixta, home alone. The bad weather also forces Alcee, Calixta’s old boyfriend, to seek shelter under her gallery. As a result of the driving rain, Alcee and Calixta went inside the house. A loud burst of thunder sent startled Calixta staggering backwards into Alcee’s arms. The physical contact between the two â€Å"aroused all the old-time infatuation and desire for her flesh† (97). They gave in to temptation â€Å"that unconsciously betrayed a sensuous desire† (97). Soon afterward, the storm passes and Alcee was on his way. Bobinot and Bibi return home where Calixta was preparing supper. She â€Å"seemed to express nothing but satisfaction at their safety† (98) and pretended that everything was just fine. That night, Alcee wrote a letter to his wife, Clarisse, telling her n ot to hurry back from her vacation in Biloxi. Clarisse was glad to receive her husband’s letter, and was willing to stay where she was. The locale is set in the southern Louisiana countryside; this is shown from the dialect that is used throughout the story. The setting is a very important factor in this story. Because it was set in an isolated area, where there was little... Free Essays on The Storm Free Essays on The Storm The title, of â€Å"The Storm,† has connotations of a universal swell of energy and fervor of the natural world that is obvious during the encounter of Calixta and Alcee. Just as the storm matures from the first spark of energy, likewise, Calixta is a sexually mature woman, claiming her part in the natural world. Unfortunately, as a consequence of the times, society’s attitude is intolerant of a woman’s expression of sexuality. Furthermore, Calixta’s commitment to her marriage forces her to be oppressed from expressing the sexual being within herself. During the rage of the storm’s fury, intense with the explosion of energy flowing from the storm, the escalating passion and energy also swells between Calixta and Alcee; â€Å" they seemed to swoon together at the very borderland of life’s mystery†(492) while Calixta and Alcee break free from the constraints of their marriage vows. Giving into the storm of passion that until now, neither Calixa nor Alcee has ever experienced, they give into the sexual energy and release the passion that is presently hindered in both of them. As a result, Calixta’s â€Å" the generous abundance of her passion, without guile or trickery, was like a white flame which penetrated and found repose in depths of his ow n sensuous nature that had never been reached†(492). The final line of â€Å"The Storm† is a metaphor for the relationships between Calixta, Bobinate, Clarissa and Alcee, and is positioned to create an uncertain ending of the encounter between Calixta and Alcee: â€Å"So the storm passed and everyone was happy†(493). One may see the storm’s passage as implying a happy ending or one may see it as implying that the storm will eventually return, possibly with the intent to express the fervor and powerful energy that may eventually destroy families or lives. As the nature of recurring storms, Calixta’s new founded sexual desires will return with powerful forces of energy and chemis... Free Essays on The Storm â€Å"The Storm† In Kate Chopin’s short story â€Å"The Storm†, we are introduced to two families: Calixta, Bobinot and Bibi; Alcee and Clarisse, and are asked to take a look at a moment in their lives during a severe storm. What parallels the storm as it builds to a climax and then recedes is an intimate passion between two past loves, Calixta and Alcee, but what does this moment of intimacy really mean to them and their families? We must first take a look at each family and get an understanding of how they relate to each as a family member. The father son relationship between Bobinot and Bibi appears to be one of a strong mutual trust and love for each other. As we are learning that there is a storm â€Å"rolling with sinister intention from the west† (32), we see how with great concern their safety is for one another. Bibi places â€Å"his little hand on his father’s knee† (32) as to console him and protect him from the building storm. We also know that at home Calixta, who is busy with her homemaking â€Å"sewing furiously† (32), takes a moment to think about Bobinot and Bibi and has â€Å"no uneasiness for their safety† (32). She knows that together they are safe because of the strong bond they all share. When we take a look at Alcee and his wife Clarisse, we only get a small window into their relationship, but enough to understand their deep love for one another as well. Alcee writes to his wife, â€Å"a loving letter† (35), to where she is vacationing in Biloxi to inform her to stay longer and enjoy being with her friends and the children. Alcee realizes that â€Å"their health and pleasure were the first things to be considered† (35) and will endure his separation from them in order to bring them happiness. Clarisse was â€Å"charmed† (35) to receive the letter from her husband, maybe this is the first time in a long time Clarisse has been able to see old friends and reminisce, she enjoys â€Å"the first free breath since her marri... Free Essays on The Storm â€Å"The Storm† In the short story â€Å"The Storm† the major components that are emphasized are plot, character, and setting. These components work together in order to make the reader visualize life from the characters’ point of view. The author, Kate Chopin, tells the story in a unique way that helps the reader understand the main characters’ attitudes. The title of the story, â€Å"The Storm†, has a twofold meaning. An actual storm that takes place in the remote Louisiana country sets off a chain of events that contributes to the passionate storm that occurs between the two main characters. The events that make up the plot begin when bad weather forces Bobinot and his son, Bibi, to remain at the store until it passes. This leaves Bobinot’s wife, Calixta, home alone. The bad weather also forces Alcee, Calixta’s old boyfriend, to seek shelter under her gallery. As a result of the driving rain, Alcee and Calixta went inside the house. A loud burst of thunder sent startled Calixta staggering backwards into Alcee’s arms. The physical contact between the two â€Å"aroused all the old-time infatuation and desire for her flesh† (97). They gave in to temptation â€Å"that unconsciously betrayed a sensuous desire† (97). Soon afterward, the storm passes and Alcee was on his way. Bobinot and Bibi return home where Calixta was preparing supper. She â€Å"seemed to express nothing but satisfaction at their safety† (98) and pretended that everything was just fine. That night, Alcee wrote a letter to his wife, Clarisse, telling her n ot to hurry back from her vacation in Biloxi. Clarisse was glad to receive her husband’s letter, and was willing to stay where she was. The locale is set in the southern Louisiana countryside; this is shown from the dialect that is used throughout the story. The setting is a very important factor in this story. Because it was set in an isolated area, where there was little... Free Essays on The Storm Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Storm† takes place in a town somewhere in New Orleans, Louisiana. The setting of this story, forces the main characters Calixta and Alce to rediscover feelings they had for each other, and reveal hidden aspects of themselves. The omniscient author emphasizes the elements of the storm that takes place in the story, because the storm itself forced the plot to take place. The events leading up to the plot of the story, had a domino effect on each other. Each event contributed to the following, which made the plot inevitable. Timing is the most important element that is responsible for the development of this story. If the events in the story did not happen with such time accuracy, then the story may not have been a story or it may not have turned out the way it did. So timing is the building block for plot and the events leading up to the plot of the story. The fact that Bobinot and Bibi, Calixta’s husband and son respectively, stayed at the store until the storm was over, was the second element that contributed to the main characters Calixta and Alce having sex. If Bobinot and Bibi were home at the time of the storm, Calixta and Alce would not have had an opportunity to have sex. She would not have gravitated towards Alce for comfort during the storm if her husband and son were at home. She would have found refuge in her husband, not Alce. Another domino to add to the trail was when the winds were so strong and Calixta had to go outside to retrieve Bobinot’s clothes off of the line. At that time Alce was passing by on his horse, he saw her, and then stopped. If Alce did not see Calixta, he probably would not have stopped. And when he stopped and decided to seek shelter on Calixta’s porch, the winds were so bad, that he had to go into the house. â€Å"â€Å"Come ‘long in, M’sieur Alce.† His voice and her own startled her as if from a trance, and s...

Literature and society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literature and society - Essay Example Marlon Brando, the main character, plays as a former boxer as well as a longshoreman who is accidentally engaged with dishonest labor unions the slaughter of young Joey (Elia 36). Marlon works as a puppet for corrupt bosses in the movie. We constantly see conflict of values since there are individuals who have embodied truth as well as law whereas corruption prevails on one side. Brando’s Terry Malloy has lost in an important boxing fight having been persuaded by his brother. Terry plays a man with a conscience torn between two sides. Le asks him to monitor and spy on Barry, Malden’s father and Eva Saint’s Edie. Soon Terry witnesses their good plans but initially he is doubtful and mocks them (Elia 27). He gets confused since he wants to assist Edie and at the same time wants to meet expectations of Charley and Johnny. Individualism is a theme that has been well illustrated in this movie. Terry is experiencing a lot of hardships just because of Friendly, the self –centered individual. Friendly is an individualist since he is inspired by his own interests to make taint the working atmosphere with corruption. The play waiting for Lefty by Odets explores union movements by workers because they have been let down by their seniors (Odets 56). Collectivism is broadly spread since communism is what the employees aim as protest to strike. Tax drivers suggest striking as the ideal option to seek out the attention of their seniors. The only individuals who skipped the strike were the people in forefront organizing the strike and the military workers. Even after finding out that the union leader had already been murdered by their senior they still carried on with the fight for their own rights. Collectivism is further illustrated because the author creates the presence of Lefty as crucial even though the union does not disintegrate and collapse with his absence. However, Lefty`s absence made the protest more

Maintenance Awareness in Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Maintenance Awareness in Design - Essay Example Findings: The findings of this paper indicates that systems always fail due to miss management and poor planning on the part of managers, companies and all individuals involved in any specific project. Moreover, it further indicates that designers can learn from various failures and they can minimize the risk factors by taking several measures. System failure, basically, stands for any situation when a system stops working and fails to achieve desired objectives. It further lacks in smooth functioning of an overall system which is very much required for any successful design and project. Nowadays, it is common trend that people prefer to use new systems and advanced technology rather than old ones. They feel themselves more compatible with latest technology just because of demand and trend. Projects are usually driven just to replace the old trends and architecture. Old systems are extensively replaced with new ones having new technology. However, it is very essential to understand that there are several important aspects and stages involved in any good design. All of these stages should be accessed if you want a successful design. It is not wise option to go just for modern and trendy designs. Essential stages should be kept in mind. These generally include, If we look at technical side of the modern projects, we will observe that nowadays projects are built with a goal of offering multiple functions that was not possible in recent past. Currently, systems become the integration of various sub systems. Some additional constraints are also getting involved day by day with changing needs and demands of various people. Now people are more concerned about reliability and security systems offer within a design. Nowadays, we can also observe that the success rate is continuously decreasing and most of the large projects of engineering are less satisfactory. Many of the projects are getting failed and end up in failures and great risks. However, it is also a

To Be Effective As A Counsellor Sociology Essay

To Be Effective As A Counsellor Sociology Essay This essay will look into what it means to be effective as a counsellor. The characteristics that could be expected to be found in an effective counsellor will be discussed. Specific reference will be made also to the ways in which a client should feel when they are in the presence of an effective counsellor. Before a counsellor can be classified as either effective or ineffective, it should be noted that a comprehensive definition of a counsellor, and since a counsellor can best be defined in terms of counselling , then a clear-cut definition of counselling is necessary. According to the Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, a counsellor is a person who has been trained to advise people with problems, especially personal problems(p.332). This definition already gives one an idea of how to define counselling- this can be defined as professional advice about a problem. (p. 332). Another way in which counselling can be defined is accordance with the Merriam-Webster Online dictionary , which says counselling is professional guidance of the individual by utilizing psychological methods especially in collecting case history data, using various technique of the personal interview, and testing interests and attitudes (accessed 04/04/2012). These definitions are quite informative, especially in terms of giving one an idea of what to expect a counsellor to be and what to expect from a counsellor or a counselling session. They offer insight into the type of setting a counsellor would work in, the field of study that a counsellor may have undertaken and such like. But one thing the aforementioned definitions lack is the capacity to broaden ones prospects about counselling and the role of a counsellor in society. Counselling is merely limited to individual therapy and is taken no further. But a person who is directly involved in counselling- be it a counsellor, a scholar of counselling or even a client who consults with a counsellor can agree that counselling is more than just a professional advice or guidance; its a professional relationship(counselling.org) because the counsellors engages in some form of interaction with his clients , which he relates to each client differently from the next. This relationship is multidi mensional, it is not only between the counsellor and client (well at least not in all cases), but is one that can lead a client to meet and relate with other professionals; whether it be health professionals or otherwise. The counsellor as well, in some instances, would get to know more people than initially plannedthese people would be those that the counsellor would need to work with (referring clients to such people). These would be occupational therapists, psychiatrists, financial advisers, etc. This makes counselling a professional dynamic relationship which aims to help the client who comes needing help of one kind or the other. Counselling involves a process, the aim of which is to help others to help themselves by making better choices and becoming better choosers of options (iona-k-lister.suite101.com). So this relationship is not one that should be confined to personal matters only, because it is such a broad relationship that it has the capacity to empower diverse individ uals, families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education and career goals(counselling.org). What can a counsellor do to make a client feel safe? As it has already been established, a counsellor must understand that what he has with the client is more than just fee-for-serviceit is a special relationship (sci.csuhayward.edu). With this in mind, it becomes easier for the helper to make his client feel safe. Even if the client does not understand the nature of the relationship, the helper does and so should guide the client to a knowledge of such information. Like in every relationship, both parties involved have a part to play; a part which is particularly meant to be played by the specific counterpart; so it is with the professional relationship between the counsellor and the client. So if the client is not aware of the relationship that is there between them, it is the counsellors duty to enlighten the client. And this will in fact be what can initiate the process of making the client feel safe. If a client does not know that he is in a relationship with the counsellor, the counsellors every effort to make the client feel safe will be virtually futile. One thing that a counsellor can do to make his client feel safe especially in individual therapy is try by all means necessary to eliminate feelings of inferiority on the part of the client. As was mentioned earlier, individuals are all different and unique. So a counsellor might find that employing Alfred Adlers Individual Psychology in his counselling style might be helpful in eliminating the aforementioned feelings. Inferiority takes normal feelings of incompetence and exaggerates them, making the individual feel as if it is impossible to achieve goals and therefore hopeless to try(Friedman Schustack, 2012, p.115). A counsellor can also change his terminology, never calling his clients patients as some other health professionals do but keep calling them clients, since this sounds more egalitarian and less pejorative(sci.csuhayward.edu). Making a client feel safe in the counselling setting is not easy, so if a counsellor can do that, this says a lot about his effectiveness as a counsellor. They should be able to show a client that they recognize the limits of their own power(sci.csuhayward.edu) to help clients prevent feeling inferior; show a willingness to learn about their culture, background, etc. Confidentiality is another factor in making a client feel safe; not only in that, but as well in establishing and maintaining a strong therapeutic relationship(sci.csuhayward.edu). Whenever necessary, the counsellor should inform the client of the limits to confidentiality in the least threatening way possible. There is also the issue of multiple relationships; an effective counsellor knows better than to form a relationship with a clients family member or anyone else that is close to the client. He also does not form a non-professional relationship with people who already have a professional relationship formed with him , because this is destructive it can make it difficult for the client to feel safe in the counselling sessions. What Characteristics Should Effective Counsellors Possess? The main aim of this essay is to show what it means to be an effective as a counsellor, so it should be no surprise that throughout the essay, this question seems to be answered through the various answers to the previous questions that the assignment raises. Qualities such as confidentiality, the ability to guide clients toward productive goals, and the ability to establish and maintain relationships are seen already in previous sections of the essay. Other qualities, like empathy, unconditional positive regard and congruence are essential to being effective as a counsellor; these will be discussed at a later stage. An important aspect of an effective counsellor is the ability to facilitate fullexpression of the clients feelings, without diverting any attention to their own feelings(iona-k-lister.suite101.com). An effective counsellor must be able to listen to a client and have no prejudice. Although counsellors have their own values, these should not be imposed on the client(iona-k-lister.suite101.com). According to iona-k-lister.suite101.com a good counsellor is someone who can learn not to make judgements on behalf of the person being helped. Other traits that one might expect to find in an effective counsellor are patience and acceptance, which help the counsellor to refrain from showing contempt toward those clients that are not likeable. Education is another factor to consider; people tend to think that since they have a Degree and are registered with the counsel, they know everything there is to know. Effective counsellors are willing to learn more about themselves, other counsellor, and even their clients. Social skills should also be looked into by a counsellor that wants to be effective; as a counsellor, one meets many different people from different backgrounds and cultures; so one has to know how to perceive all aspects of verbal and non-verbal communication. Another very important quality to possess is discretion, never revealing what others say or do within the counsell ing context. Because even if a counsellor does not say the other clients name; the fact that he reveals a certain clients situation to another without the consent of that client, he is perceived as unprofessional by the current client. (iona-k-lister.suite101.com; www.sci.csuhayward.edu) How Important are Carl Rogers Core Conditions in Counselling? In order to appreciate fully the importance of something, one should first know what exactly the thing is. If that knowledge is not given, the acknowledgement will be but a task carried out to pass the time. Therefore, before the importance of the core conditions can be discussed, a clear definition of these will be given. According to Cormier Hackney(2012) empathy is the ability to identify with or understand the feelings and emotions of a client as if you were feeling that way, just without losing the as if quality(p.23). Unconditional positive regard is expressing to a client the qualities that make him feel that he is special and appreciated as a human being. Congruence is seen as the helpers ability to remain true to himself in the presence of the client. The act of being genuine and not allowing conformity to influence him in any way, especially when conforming to please a client. As defined by simplypsychololgy.org unconditional positive regard is where parents, significant others(and the humanist therapist) accept and love the person for what he or she is. Therefore, to be effective as a counsellor, one needs to be fortified with such a quality. Now it should be noted that unconditional positive regard works best when accompanied by empathy and congruence. Imagine a homosexual client comes for therapy; he got married to some man not long ago, and tells of how he met the man in university. He recently found out that the man is cheating with another man, whom he met on their honeymoon while they were away. The client says he does not know whether to divorce this husband or to separate with him for a while, since hes finding it so difficult to forgive him. The best response for an effective counsellor in a such a situation is expressing genuineness: acknowledging to himself, perhaps, that he is uncomfortable with the whole gay thing, and that his opinion is just one way of looking at things so that he can more readily accept the clients lifestyle choice. This can help him develop unconditional positive regard, coupled with empathy towards the client. This is because if he is able to acknowledge that his discomfort with the clients attributes, it becomes easier to get into the clients reality and try to see things through the clients eyes(empathy). It is through this same empathy that unconditional positive regard will come about; as he begins to picture what the client might be going through. How Important is Self-Care for the Counsellor? While an enhanced regimen of self-care may sound like a good idea, most people are fuzzy on what self-care is and how to practice it(www.psychologytoday.com). And for this reason, it is always best to define something before attempting to describe it. It is as in warfare, a soldier has to have a well-rounded definition of his enemy, so that he should not wage war against soldiers that actually came to the assistance of his own country, thinking that they are the opposition. One way to look at self-care is to see it as something one does to improve (their) sense of subjective well-being(www.thefreelibrary.com). From to this definition, one can already see how important it is to exercise self-care as a counsellor. Imagine(bearing in mind the above definition) the counsellor who does not consider self-care to be of much value would this counsellor not be judgemental towards his clients? How will he be able to exercise empathy, positive regard and congruence with all his clients? Thus, self-care is important for the counsellor that seeks to be effective in his occupation. Contrary to popular belief, self-care is not an easy thing to practice. This belief springs from advertisers deception and their inability to define self-care clearly(psychologytoday.com). Many of us think that getting pedicures, choosing hand-dipped dark chocolates and buying thread count bed linens equal self-care. This, in actual fact, is self-pampering(www.psychologytoday.com). Self-pampering cannot improve ones sense of subjective well-being, neither can it equip one to practice congruence/genuineness, empathy or unconditional positive regard. According to psychologytoday.com the way to practice self-care is to choose behaviours that balance the effects of emotional and physical stressors: exercising, eating healthy foods, getting enough sleep, practicing yoga or meditation or relaxation techniques and the like. Another important factor that contributes to the effectiveness of self-care is learning to depend less on other people for healing, be it healing from emotional or even physical pain. Once a counsellor learns to be independent in these areas of his own life, then it will become very difficult for him to keep using his clients problems as a means of helping him deal with his own. So in essence, self-care is necessary and helpful to the development of an effective counsellor. Conclusion This essay has discussed and examined the meaning of an effective counsellor. It has looked into the basic meaning or definition of a counsellor in order to properly differentiate between just a counsellor and an effective one. The qualities that are important for helping a counsellor become effective in his expertise have been outlined. It has also been seen throughout this essay that being a counsellor especially an effective one is not as easy a task as it might appear; a lifetime of commitment is necessary for this to be achieved.

Philly Fans: City of Brotherly Love Essay

â€Å"A true Philadelphia fan learns to boo before he learns to speak.† A quote that is not as exaggerated as it seems. In Philadelphia people are outspoken and live by the way they cheer, brutal. Philadelphia â€Å"fanatics† are the most rowdy fans in all of sports. This is proven by events such as throwing snowballs at Santa Claus, booing Michael Irving after a career ending injury, and the installment of a court inside the Eagles late Veterans Stadium. One example as to why people across the nation believe Philly fans to be the worst fans in sports is the legendary pelting of jolly old St. Nick. In 1968, Eagles fans booed and then pelted a man dressed as Santa Claus who was part of a halftime ceremony. Stories vary on the legendary incident as to why it happened. In 2003, the same man was asked to appear in the same Santa suit at a Sixers game, and as before, he was booed again. Another famous event that shows the rowdiness of dedicated Philadelphians is on October 11, 1999, when Cowboys receiver Michael Irvin suffered a career-ending neck injury at â€Å"the Vet†. Fans cheered as Irvin was crumpled on the ground. This goes to show if you’re a future hall of famer, but you happen to play for Dallas, you will still get booed. Although booing someone is all a part of sports, Philly fans seem to do it at the most unnecessary of times which give them the persona of rowdy. Another huge example as to why Philly fans have the reputation they do is because of the extremes of what happens at the sporting events. From time to time a game could go from having fun drinking a couple beers chanting â€Å"asshole† to the next Redskins fan you see walking by, to a huge brawl in the infamous 700 level at Veterans Stadium. The common occurrence of violence during Eagles’ games became so bad that Philadelphia installed a court, judge and jail inside Veterans Stadium. If being so passionate about your team leads to booing a crippled hall of famer, pelting Santa with snowballs, and the installment of a court system in your football team’s stadium means you’re rowdy. Every person wearing a green jacket on Sunday, waving a rally towel at Citizens Bank Park, or booing opposing teams at the Wells Fargo Center will gladly accept the â€Å"rowdy† nickname. What others take as rowdiness Philadelphians take as passion for their city and teams.

Review Idealism and Realism in International Relations.

Question: – Review idealism and realism in international relations. Introduction When studying international relations as an academic discipline studying about Idealism and realism is a major concern. These two approaches are used widely when it comes to decision making procedures. In idealism the decisions are made using ideas. Institutions such as League of Nations, United Nations as well as Local organizations like Organization of African Unity are developed according to the idealist tradition. This was introduced as a educational thought in 400 BC by Plato.He thought that the humans could be improved from within by correcting their thoughts and discovering knowledge already lies within since birth. The more perfect our ideas are the better we can serve the world. In realism world politics are driven my competitive self- interest. This further details that all states operate under as the greatest factor in causing nations to diverge from morally guided behaviour. Until Worl d War II the actual theory of realism did not came about. Realism theory has been introduced from historical writers such as Machiavelli, Hobbes, Thucydides and Sun Tzu.But Hans J. Morgenthau and E. H. Carr are considered most instrumental in establishing the tenets of classical realism theory in modern age. This theory differs from all considerations of legality and moral guidance from state policy that holds that all states are capable of violating laws if there is any necessity to advance their interests and power. These two different theories created a significant change in International Relations all over the world. Most political, economical decisions are taken by using Idealism and realism as reference to analyze and understand the facts.Idealism Idealism is a term applied to any idea, goal or practice considered to be impractical. As examples entrusting international security to the UN, creating an African union on the model of European Union, global eradication of poverty a nd injustice, etc. can be pointed out. Idealists usually rest on a pessimistic perspective towards human nature along with an historical judgment to achieve a change in world affairs. Idealists emphasize the power of reason. They strongly believe in the effectiveness of ideas. Through this they see the possibility of establishing a political system rimarily on morality. This will lead the humans to remove their selfish ideas and helps to build a nation that forms peace, prosperity, cooperation and justice. When a person looks at war in an idealist view, it can no longer be considered by anyone as a suitable way to achieve goals. It is because it affects both parties severely. Former President of the United States of America Woodrow Wilson is considered to be one of the key founders of Idealism. He presented the â€Å"Fourteen points† proposal that was contained on his speech to a joint session of congress on 1918.The address was intended to assure the world that the Great War (World War I) was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe. One of the most well known outcomes of Idealism is the democratic Peace Theory. This states that similar modes of democratic governments do not clash each other. As an impact of Idealism on International Relations Organizations like League of Nations. This was resulted in the covenant of the League of Nations with 42 original members. But this was ineffective because it had no power to enforce its decisions and issues in security.Due to these reasons the league was dismantled in the year 1940 but it had served as a model for the United Nations. Following the failure of League of Nations and the outbreak of the Second World War, descendent theories like Liberalism and Neo-conservatism were created. Through Liberalism organizations like United Nations, NATO, International regimes like Bretton Woods System were built. Neo-conservatism was drawn from Liberalism and focused more on universal values such as Human rights, democracy, free trade, minority protections etc. nlike other theories Neo-conservatism is willing to use force if necessary to push for its goals. Realism This is a theory that world politics is driven by competitive self- interest. It implies that realists see that humankind is self-centered and competitive. Also they believe that the principal actors in the international system are sovereign states. The basic assumption of Realism is that man is wicked, aggressive and bad and also state struggles for power. This implies that realism possesses a pessimistic, negative and a suspicious behavior.This was originated after the Second World War. But its primary assumptions were noted in its earlier writings. People like Thucydides, Sun Tzu, and Otto Van Bismarck can be pointed out as examples. It began as a wide field of research after the war. People like Hans J. Morgenthau, Carl von Clausewitz are considered as the modern thinkers of the classical realism. This theory ha s been associated with thinkers like Niccolo Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes. Hans J Morgenthau described about six principles of Political Realism. 1.Political realism believes that politics, like society in general, is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature. 2. The main signpost of political realism is the concept of interest defined in terms of power, which infuses rational order into the subject matter of politics, and thus makes the theoretical understanding of politics possible. Political realism avoids concerns with the motives and ideology of statesmen. Political realism avoids reinterpreting reality to fit the policy. A good foreign policy minimizes risks and maximizes benefits. 3.Realism recognizes that the determining kind of interest varies depending on the political and cultural context in which foreign policy is made. It does not give â€Å"interest defined as power† a meaning that is fixed once and for all. 4. Political realism is aware of the moral significance of political action. It is also aware of the tension between the moral command and the requirements of successful political action. Realism maintains that universal moral principles must be filtered through the concrete circumstances of time and place, because they cannot be applied to the actions of states in their abstract universal formulation. . Political realism refuses to identify the moral aspirations of a particular nation with the moral laws that govern the universe. 6. The political realist maintains the autonomy of the political sphere; he asks â€Å"How does this policy affect the power and interests of the nation? † Political realism is based on a pluralistic conception of human nature. The political realist must show where the nation's interests differ from the moralistic and legalistic viewpoints.